Data were collected from 14 surveys completed by braille users in Nigeria, regarding the individuals' use of braille, their opinions regarding suggested changes and additions to the braille code, and opinions regarding the symbols to be changed or added. Data were analyzed with the intention of both identifying trends in opinions regarding various changes in the braille code, and the specific characteristics of the braille users holding these opinions.
The opening portion of the survey asks respondents to describe their braille usage. Respondents identified themselves as either technical or non-technical users of the braille code, with 79% labeling themselves non-technical users and the remaining 21% technical users. Surveys for technical and non-technical users vary slightly, with technical users being asked to complete an additional section regarding symbols for use in the technical code. Respondents also characterized their primary interactions with the braille code as either reading, proofreading, teaching or transcribing. The largest percentage, 64%, labeled themselves readers, 29% teachers, 7% proofreaders, and no one labeled themselves transcribers. The mean number of years the respondents had been using the braille code was 28. Additionally, the mean percentage of reading done in braille by respondents was 80%. All users read braille by touch rather than by sight. Eighty-two per cent of the respondents preferred to do all of their reading in braille, while from 18 to 50 per cent preferred to read recreational, technical, reference materials, or notes and labels in braille.
Data for technical and non-technical users were not analyzed separately, as there were not sufficient numbers of people labeling themselves technical to allow for reliable comparison. Frequencies of responses to survey items were calculated in order to identify areas of opposition. OLS regression coefficients were not calculated, as there were an insufficient number of respondents in each group to produce reliable regression results.
The first 19 items on the survey consist of a series of questions in which the respondent is asked to rate on a scale of one to five, UBC features, such as capitalized passage indicators, or strategies, such as having a unified code for all reading matter. Question 20, regarding quotation mark symbols in UBC, is identical in format but was administered only to technical users. A score of one indicates the respondent felt the feature was completely unacceptable, while a score of two indicates the feature was judged simply unnecessary. A score of three indicates the respondent was neutral toward the feature. A score of four indicates the respondent felt the feature was a good idea, and a score of five indicated the respondent felt the feature was absolutely essential. A majority of respondents favored most of the UBC features or strategies in question, with a few notable exceptions. Of the features measured, users were opposed to five items: 1) dropping EBAE / British Braille contractions for violation of UBC rules, 2) not omitting spaces from one cell whole word contractions, 3) following the contracted form of "by" with a space, 4) following the contracted form of "to" with a space, and 5) provision of indicators for special type styles such as sans serif. A summary of results of questions one through twenty may be found in Table 1.
Item 21 asks respondents to rate new and previously changed UBC symbols, and EBAE or British braille contractions not allowed in UBC, choosing from the following response categories: 1) symbol is acceptable, 2) symbol should be struck from the UBC code, and 3) symbol is all right but the wrong characters have been chosen for its representation. A majority approved of all of the new symbols with two exceptions. Only 42.9% of respondents were in favor of both the non directional double quote or the times sign when indicated in print by an "x". On average 7.5% of respondents felt the new symbols should be struck form the UBC. Users were most opposed to the non-directional double quote with 35.7% answering the symbol should be struck from the record. The mean percentage of users who were in favor of the new symbols, but in a different representation was 22.2%. More users were in favor of changing the symbol representation for the times sign when indicated in print by an "x", with 42.9% favoring the symbol in a different representation. A summary of these results may be found in Table 2.
Respondents chose from the same answer categories to rate previously changed symbols. Majorities of users were in favor of most of the changed symbols, with three exceptions. Users were not in favor of the changed dash, decimal point or pre cent sign. On the average 32% of users were opposed to any one symbol, feeling the symbols under examination should be struck from the code. The dash and the per cent sign garnered the most opposition from users with 50% opposing each symbol. A summary of these results may be found in Table 3.
The last section of question 21 asks respondents to use the same answer categories to rate symbols for EBAE and British braille contractions not allowed in UBC. Majorities of all users were in favor of each of the contraction changes with one exception. Only 28.6% of users were in favor of the contracted form of "by" when followed by a word. For the most part, higher numbers of users were opposed to contraction changes than had been opposed to the previously discussed symbol changes. On the average users were 47% in favor of a contraction symbol and were 40% opposed to the symbol. Table 4 provides a summary of these results.
Question 22 asked users to rate new and previously changed symbols for use in the technical code. While identical in format to question 21, question 22 was administered only to technical users. Summaries of these results are presented in tables 5 and 6, however these results should not be considered representative as only three respondents completed this portion of the survey.
Results of Survey Questions 1 - 20; given in % Opposing (answering unacceptable or unnecessary) and % Favoring (answering good idea or essential)
| Question | Oppose | Favor |
|---|---|---|
| Unified code for all reading matter, except braille music | 14.3 | 78.6 |
| All characters should be 6 - dot, 8 - dot not considered | 21.4 | 57.2 |
| UBC should encompass both grades I and II braille | 14.3 | 78.5 |
| No major changes in grade II contractions | 21.4 | 64.3 |
| Both beginning and advanced readers should be able to use UBC | 21.4 | 78.6 |
| Accuracy of computer translations should not be increased at the expense of readability of braille | 0 | 100 |
| UBC should have base code and method for creating technical extensions | 21.4 | 78.6 |
| All persons learning the base code should be required to learn common technical extensions | 14.3 | 85.8 |
| Symbols of multiple characters constructed with determinable beginnings and endings | 0 | 92.8 |
| Rules for making extension symbols should provide that those symbols are not ambiguous | 0 | 100 |
| Braille text should accurately reflect printed text, even if it is necessary to change some symbols | 21.4 | 64.3 |
| Some EBAE / British braille contractions have been dropped for rule violations or ambiguity | 35.7 | 42.8 |
| Spaces should not be omitted from one cell whole word contractions in the UBC | 57.1 | 35.7 |
| Contracted form of by must have a space before the word that follows and be distinguishable from was | 57.2 | 35.7 |
| Contracted form of to must be followed by an intervening space, despite ambiguous cell position | 64.3 | 35.7 |
| UBC has more symbols than UBAE / British braille and can more accurately represent printed text | 7.1 | 85.7 |
| UBC Grade I indicators clearly show the boundaries of a Grade I passage in a Grade II passage | 7.1 | 57.2 |
| Capitalized passage indicator eliminates clutter of having only capitalized word indicator | 7.1 | 78.6 |
| UBC provides indicators for special type styles such as sans serif, bold and underline | 35.7 | 35.7 |
| UBC provides six different quotation marks (Technical users only) | 0 | 21.4 |
Results of Survey Question 21 regarding New Symbols; given in % Favoring symbol, % Opposing symbol, and % Favoring the symbol in a different representation
| Symbol | Favor | Oppose | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Begin capitalized passage indicator | 78.6 | 0 | 14.3 |
| End capitalized passage indicator | 57.1 | 0 | 35.7 |
| Begin italicized passage indicator | 64.3 | 0 | 21.4 |
| End italicized passage indicator | 50 | 7.1 | 35.7 |
| Non - directional double quote | 42.9 | 35.7 | 14.3 |
| Ampersand | 78.6 | 0 | 14.3 |
| Begin boldface passage indicator | 64.3 | 0 | 28.6 |
| End boldface passage indicator | 64.3 | 0 | 28.6 |
| Times sign when indicated in print by an "x" | 42.9 | 7.1 | 42.9 |
| Plus sign | 64.3 | 7.1 | 21.4 |
| Minus sign when distinguished in print from hyphen | 64.3 | 7.1 | 21.4 |
| Division sign when indicated in print by horizontal line between dots | 50 | 28.6 | 14.3 |
| Equals sign | 57.1 | 7.1 | 28.6 |
| Dot locator | 85.7 | 0 | 7.1 |
| Umlaut over following letter | 78.6 | 7.1 | 7.1 |
| Grave over following letter | 57.1 | 14.3 | 21.4 |
| Circumflex over following letter | 64.3 | 7.1 | 21.4 |
| Acute over following letter | 64.3 | 7.1 | 21.4 |
Results of Survey Question 21 regarding Changed Symbols; given in % Favoring symbol, % Opposing symbol, and % Favoring the symbol in a different representation
| Symbol | Favor | Oppose | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Left parenthesis | 57.1 | 28.6 | 7.1 |
| Right parenthesis | 57.1 | 35.7 | 0 |
| Left bracket | 50 | 42.9 | 0 |
| Right bracket | 57.1 | 35.7 | 0 |
| Left directional double quote | 64.3 | 28.6 | 0 |
| Right directional double quote | 64.3 | 28.6 | 0 |
| Right directional single quote | 57.1 | 28.6 | 7.1 |
| Asterisk | 57.1 | 28.6 | 7.1 |
| Forward slash | 71.4 | 7.1 | 7.1 |
| dash | 42.9 | 50 | 0 |
| decimal point | 42.9 | 35.7 | 7.1 |
| British pound sign | 71.4 | 21.4 | 0 |
| Dollar sign | 71.4 | 21.4 | 0 |
| Ellipses | 50 | 21.4 | 0 |
| Inch sign | 57.1 | 35.7 | 0 |
| Per cent sign | 28.6 | 50 | 7.1 |
| Italicized word indicator | 50 | 42.9 | 0 |
Results of Survey Question 21 regarding Contractions Not Allowed in UBC; given in % Favoring symbol, % Opposing symbol, and % Favoring the symbol in a different representation
| Symbol | Favor | Oppose | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contracted form of "ble" when followed by a word | 57.1 | 35.7 | 0 |
| Contracted form of "into" when followed by a word | 50 | 35.7 | 0 |
| Contracted form of "by" when followed by a word | 28.6 | 57.1 | 0 |
| Contracted form of "com" | 50 | 35.7 | 0 |
| Contracted form of "dd" | 50 | 35.7 | 0 |
Results of Survey Question 22 for Technical Users regarding New Symbols; given in % Favoring symbol, % Opposing symbol, and % Favoring symbol in a different representation
| Symbol | Technical Favor | Oppose | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Capitalized terminator within passage or word | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Begins San Serif passage indicator | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| End sans serif passage indicator | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Boldface word indicator | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Boldface terminator within a passage or word | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Italicized terminator within a passage or word | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Begin underline passage indicator | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| End underline passage indicator | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Begin Transcriber defined passage | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| End transcriber defined passage | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Transcriber defined terminator within a passage or word | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| General fraction line | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| General fraction open | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| General fraction close | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Superscript | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Subscript | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Left braille grouping symbol | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Right braille grouping symbol | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Radical open indicator | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Radical close indicator | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Copyright | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Registered trademark (circled R) | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Registered trademark (circled TM) | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Dagger | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Double dagger | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Degree sign | 66.7 | 0 | 33.3 |
| Section mark (interlocked s's) | 66.7 | 0 | 33.3 |
| Female or Venus sign | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Male or Mars sign | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Bullet (large dot) | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Caret | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Foot sign | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Minus sign | 66.7 | 0 | 33.3 |
| Non-directional single quote | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Visible space in computer notation | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Space - digit | 66.7 | 0 | 33.3 |
| Continuation indicator at end of line of computer notation | 100 | 0 | 0 |
Results of Survey Question 22 for Technical Users regarding Changed Symbols; given in % Favoring symbol, % Opposing symbol, and % Favoring symbol in a different representation
| Symbol | Technical Favor | Oppose | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Capital Greek sigma | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Greek sigma | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Right directional single quote | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Numeric fraction line | 100 | 0 | 0 |